Abstract: In this work, a titanium prepared by sintered titanium hydride was treated by ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP), and effects of the plastic deformation on microstructure evolution and properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).Results demonstrated that a gradient microstructure was produced by the USRP with the static load of 600 N, and the average thickness of the deformation layer was about 400 μm. In particular, the outermost layer of the deformed microstructure displayed an equiaxed nanocrystals, and the average grain size of the fine grains was about 100 nm. Improvement of surface roughness, grain refinement and high surface compressive residual stress caused by rolling synergistically help to form a dense and stable passive film on the deformation layer, which could improve the corrosion resistance effectively. In addition, taking advantages of the microstructure evolution, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were 640.57 MPa and 485.29 MPa, increased by 32.43 % and 27.57 % respectively. Meanwhile, the surface hardness was increased by 36% for the USRP treated titanium alloy.However, the introduction of deformation layer made a decrease of uniform elongation, while the fracture morphology indicated a ductile failure.