Abstract: The Cu alloys containing different mass fractions of Nb (0.90%, 0.95%, 1.00%, 1.50%) were prepared by omni-directional planetary ball mill and microwave muffle furnace. The microstructure and physical properties of Cu alloys under different Nb contents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, conductivity tester, and Vickers hardness tester. The results show that at 1000 ℃, when the mass fraction of Nb is between 0.90% and 1.50%, the hardness of the copper-based composite materials shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of Nb content. When the mass fraction of Nb is 0.95%, the hardness of the Cu alloys reaches the maximum value as HV 47.9. The electrical conductivity decreases with the increase of Nb content. When the Nb mass fraction is 0.90%, the maximum electrical conductivity of Cu alloys is 47.9%IACS.