Abstract: Aluminum matrix composites have the advantages of being lightweight, high-strength, and high-modulus, and have been widely applied in aerospace, shipbuilding, transportation, 3C electronics, and other fields. However, with the continuous development of science and technology, the existing aluminum matrix composites can no longer meet the increasingly strict application requirements. The development of ultra-high-strength (yield strength≥500 MPa) aluminum matrix composites is extremely urgent. The research progress of the advanced ultra-high-strength aluminum matrix composites was systematically summarized at home and abroad in this paper, the selection of the matrix materials for ultra-high-strength aluminum matrix composites was introduced, the influence of type, size, and configuration design of the reinforcements on the performance of ultra-high-strength aluminum matrix composites was analyzed, and the reinforcing performance of particle reinforcement materials, whisker reinforcement materials, and high-performance carbon nanomaterial reinforcement materials was focused on. The performance of ultra-high-strength aluminum matrix composites was improved by deformation processing and heat treatment processes. The advantages and disadvantages of the traditional plastic deformation and the severe plastic deformation were summarized, the influence of solid solution aging heat treatment on the performance of the aluminum matrix composites was discussed, and the development direction and challenges of the ultra-high-strength aluminum matrix composites were prospected.