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摘要:
粉末与界面的外摩擦行为受粉末的材料性能、模壁表面粗糙度、相对运动速度、温度和压力等因素的影响，不合理的外摩擦行为很容易造成粉末加工装备的磨损以及制品密度分布不均匀。为探究粉末的外摩擦行为，深入考察了国内外粉末外摩擦系数的研究进展，归纳和总结了粉末外摩擦系数的测试方法。根据载荷不同，将粉末外摩擦系数测试方法分为小载荷测试方法和大载荷测试方法，其中，小载荷外摩擦系数测试方法包括斜面法和平板法，大载荷外摩擦系数测试方法包括旋转法、剪切法和闭模法。遵循以上分类方法，进一步阐述了各种测试方法的原理、测试设备以及获取的重要结论。结果表明，小载荷作用下的测试方法仅适用于测量低相对密度粉末的外摩擦系数，测试中的压制力一般低于粉末重量的100倍。大载荷作用下的测试方法更常用于高相对密度粉末的外摩擦系数测量，测试中的压制力因材料而异，聚合物材料的压制力通常在粉末重量的0.5×103～1.0×105倍，金属材料的压制力在粉末重量的105～107倍。
Abstract:The external friction behavior between the interface and powders is affected by the properties of the powders, the surface roughness of dies, the relative motion speed, temperature, and pressure. Unreasonable external friction behavior may cause the wear of powder processing equipment and the uneven density distribution of products. To explore the external friction behavior of powders, the research progress of powder external friction coefficient was thoroughly investigated, and the testing methods of powder external friction coefficient were summarized. According to the loads, the testing methods of powder external friction coefficient are composed of small load testing methods and heavy load testing methods. The small load testing methods include slope method and plate method, and the heavy load testing methods include rotation method, shear method, and closed mold method. The principle, testing equipment, and important conclusions of those various testing methods were briefly described in this paper. The results show that, the test methods under the small load are only suitable for the external friction coefficient of powders with low relative density, and the pressing force in the test is generally less than 100 times of powder weight. The test methods under the heavy load are more commonly used for measuring the external friction coefficient of powders with high relative density; the pressing force of polymer materials is usually 0.5×103~1.0×105 times of powder weight, while that of metal materials is 105~107 times of powder weight.
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Keywords:
- powder /
- external friction coefficient /
- testing method /
- suppress /
- research progress
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图 30 模壁摩擦力测量装置实物图
Figure 30. Physical drawing of the mould friction force measuring device
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图 31 试验时间与上下模冲压强的关系
Figure 31. Relationship between test time and punching strength of upper and lower dies
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图 37 不同粉末的壁面径向力随时间的变化曲线
Figure 37. Variation curves of wall radial force with time for the different powders
表 1 常用的粉末外摩擦系数测试方法以及测试结果
Table 1 External friction coefficient test methods and test results for the commonly used powders
测试方法 材料 密度 / (g·cm−3) 压强 / MPa 压制力/重力 外摩擦系数 小载荷 斜面法 小麦粉[25] — 重力 1 0.57～1.20 石英砂[26] — 重力 1 0.15～0.35 平板法 玻璃珠[27] 0.60 0.01 10 0.18～0.20 大载荷 旋转法 胶粉[28] 0.90～1.00 0.50～3.50 1400 ～9800 0.20～0.80 聚乙烯树脂[28] 0.91～0.96 0.50～3.50 1400 ～9800 0～0.12 超高分子聚乙烯[29] 0.94～0.96 0.50～3.50 1400 ～9800 0.01～0.06 滑石粉[29] 2.70～2.80 0.50～3.50 470～ 3300 0.30～0.90 PP粉（聚丙烯）[30] 0.91 0.50～3.50 1500 ～9800 0.20～0.40 PVC（聚氯乙烯）[30] 1.38 0.50～3.50 920～ 6400 0.20～0.50 铁粉[31] 5.00～6.20 50～200 166660 0.40～0.80 剪切法 铜基粉末[32] — 255～478 444400 0.08～0.16 铁基粉末[33] 5.80～7.00 200～700 42500 0.10～0.45 铁基粉末（加润滑剂）[34-35] 6.95～7.03 600 423900 0.15～0.25 闭模法 铁粉[36] 3.00～7.33 450 25660 0.20～1.00 铝粉[37] 3.80～7.00 650 510000 0.06～0.16 水雾化铁粉（加润滑剂）[38] 4.62～6.16 20 — 0.15～0.25 SDMan（喷雾干燥甘露醇）[39] — 150、250 — 0.05～0.15 CaSul（硫酸钙）[39] — 150、250 — 0.05～0.15 Glac（单水乳糖）[39] — 150、250 — 0.05～0.15 ACP（无水磷酸氢钙）[39] — 150、250 — 0.05～0.10 
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