Review on Research Status and Development Trends of Ti(C,N)-Based Cermets

Owing to their outstanding comprehensive properties, Ti(C,N)-based cermets have emerged as significant candidate materials for both traditional structural components and high-temperature structural applications. In recent years, research focus has gradually shifted from composition design and preparation techniques towards microstructure regulation and gradient materials. By introducing novel binder phases such as high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and intermetallic compounds, combined with advanced technologies like spark plasma sintering (SPS), microwave sintering, and additive manufacturing (AM), researchers have conducted extensive exploration and achieved remarkable progress in areas including the regulation of 'core-rim' structures, the synergistic enhancement of strength and toughness, and the construction of gradient structures. This article systematically reviews the research progress in Ti(C,N)-based cermets concerning binder phase optimization, gradient structure regulation, and green sintering processes. It places particular emphasis on low-cobalt or cobalt-free systems, methodologies for constructing multi-scale gradient structures, and the underlying mechanisms by which processes such as atmosphere sintering, spark plasma sintering (SPS), and 3D printing regulate microstructure and properties. Based on a comparison between traditional and emerging preparation technologies for Ti(C,N)-based cermets, this review aims to provide both theoretical and practical guidance for researchers in process selection and optimization.