激光选区熔化3D打印AlSi10Mg拉伸性能影响因素

摘要: 利用不同成形工艺、原料粉末和热处理制备激光选区熔化3D打印AlSi10Mg试样并进行拉伸性能研究，讨论了影响激光选区熔化3D打印AlSi10Mg拉伸性能的影响因素，包括3D打印成形工艺、粉末物理性能、热处理制度等。结果表明：激光能量密度通过影响试样相对密度进而对拉伸性能产生影响，能量密度过低时，试样孔洞大多分布在熔池交界处和熔池底部，能量密度过高时，试样孔洞多分布在熔池内部。球形度较高的粉末由于具有良好的物理性能和极低的空心粉率，其成形件拉伸性能较好。退火温度在270～300 ℃时，随着温度的升高，Si相逐渐长大发生粗化，拉伸强度呈递减趋势，断后伸长率逐渐升高。
- 激光选区熔化 /
- 3D打印 /
- AlSi10Mg /
- 拉伸性能
Abstract: The tensile properties of the selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing AlSi10Mg samples were investigated which were prepared by the different forming processes, raw powders, and heat treatments. The influencing factors on the tensile properties of SLM 3D printing AlSi10Mg samples were discussed in this paper, including 3D printing forming process, powder physical properties, and heat treatment system. The results show that, the laser energy density affects the relative density of the AlSi10Mg samples, which influences the tensile properties deeply. The holes are mostly distributed at the junction and on the bottom of molten pool when the laser energy density is low, and the over high energy density leads to the distribution of pores inside the molten pool. The AlSi10Mg samples prepared using the powders with high sphericity can achieve the better tensile properties due to the good physical properties and low hollow powder ratio. The Si phase coarsens gradually as the annealing temperature increases from 270 ℃ to 300 ℃, leading to the decrease of strength and the increase of elongation gradually.
- selective laser melting /
- 3D printing /
- AlSi10Mg /
- tensile properties

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图 1 AlSi10Mg原料粉末显微形貌：（a）、（b）1#；（c）、（d）2#

Figure 1. Microstructures of the AlSi10Mg raw powders: (a) and (b) 1#; (c) and (d) 2#

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图 2 不同激光功率制备1# AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印件显微形貌：（a）230 W；（b）280 W；（c）330 W；（d）380 W；（e）430 W；f）480 W

Figure 2. Microstructures of the 3D printed parts prepared by the different laser powers using 1# AlSi10Mg powders: (a) 230 W; (b) 280 W; (c) 330 W; (d) 380 W; (e) 430 W; (f) 480 W

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图 3 不同激光功率制备1# AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印沉积态试样拉伸性能

Figure 3. Tensile properties of the 3D printed deposited samples prepared by the different laser powers using 1# AlSi10Mg powders

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图 4 AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印件显微形貌：（a）1#打印件上部；（b）1#打印件中部；（c）1#打印件底部；（d）2#打印件上部；（e）2#打印件中部；（f）2#打印件底部

Figure 4. Microstructure of the AlSi10Mg powder 3D printed parts: (a) upper part of 1#; (b) middle part of 1#; (c) bottom part of 1#; (d) upper part of 2#; (e) middle part of 2#; (f) bottom part of 2#

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图 5 AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印沉积态试样拉伸断口显微形貌：（a）1#粉末；（b）2#粉末

Figure 5. Tensile fracture microstructure of the 3D printed deposited samples prepared using the different AlSi10Mg raw powders: (a) 1# powders; (b) 2# powders

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图 6 不同退火温度1#AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印件拉伸性能

Figure 6. Tensile properties of the 3D printed parts at different annealing temperatures using 1# AlSi10Mg powders

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图 7 不同退火温度1#AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印件微观形貌

Figure 7. Microstructure of the 3D printed parts at different annealing temperatures using 1# AlSi10Mg powders

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表 1 AlSi10Mg原料粉末化学成分（质量分数）

Table 1. Chemical composition of the AlSi10Mg raw powders %

原料粉末编号	Si	Mg	Fe	Mn	Ti	Cu	O	Al
1#	9.86	0.36	0.04	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.023	余量
2#	9.76	0.34	0.04	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.051	余量

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表 2 AlSi10Mg原料粉末粒度分布

Table 2. Particle size distribution of the AlSi10Mg raw powders μm

原料粉末编号	D₁₀	D₅₀	D₉₀
1#	19.85	35.23	51.21
2#	20.95	37.69	52.39

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表 3 1# AlSi10Mg粉末成形工艺参数

Table 3. Forming process parameters of the 1# AlSi10Mg powders

编号	激光功率 / W	扫描速度 / (mm·s⁻¹)	路径间距 / mm	旋转角度 / (°)	层厚 / μm
A1	230	1300	0.17	67	30
A2	280	1300	0.17	67	30
A3	330	1300	0.17	67	30
A4	380	1300	0.17	67	30
A5	430	1300	0.17	67	30
A6	480	1300	0.17	67	30

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表 4 AlSi10Mg原料粉末物理性能

Table 4. Physical properties of the AlSi10Mg raw powders

原料粉末编号	流动性 / [s∙(50 g)^‒1]	松装密度 / (g∙cm^‒3)	振实密度 / (g∙cm^‒3)	空心粉率 / %
1#	—	1.3	1.54	＜3.00
2#	60	1.5	1.67	＜0.25

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表 5 AlSi10Mg粉末3D打印沉积态试样拉伸性能

Table 5. Tensile properties of the 3D printed deposited samples prepared using the different AlSi10Mg raw powders

原料粉末编号	抗拉强度， R_m / MPa	屈服强度， R_p0.2 / MPa	断后伸长率， A / %
1#	468	281	10.5
2#	474	299	11.5

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