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摘要: 生物陶瓷骨支架是继金属骨支架之后，较为理想的人工骨缺损修复材料。由于骨缺损形状各异，增材制造技术与生物陶瓷的结合，为骨支架的制备提供了个性化、定制化、成型复杂型体的可能。目前，陶瓷人工骨的增材制造技术展现出了巨大应用前景，但仍面临着力学强度不高、生物性功能单一的问题。为此，本文从提高骨支架的力学性能、拓展其生物性功能的角度出发，归纳分析了浆料/粉体体系、脱脂烧结工艺、材料复合、结构设计对支架力学性能的影响，从药物释放、治疗肿瘤两个方面总结了多生物功能支架的研究进展，并介绍了增材制造陶瓷骨支架在生物体内的研究现状。最后，对增材制造生物陶瓷人工骨的发展进行了展望。Abstract: Bioceramics are the ideal artificial materials of the bone scaffolds to repair the bone defects next to the traditional metal materials. The combination of additive manufacturing and bioceramics provides the enormous possibilities to achieve the customized and personalized scaffolds with more complex structures for the personalized therapy. Nowadays, the bioceramics scaffolds prepared by the additive manufacturing show the great prospects, but meet the problems of poor mechanical strength and single biofunction. To improve the mechanical properties and expand the biological functions of the bioceramics scaffolds, the influence of the slurry/powder system, debinding and sintering process, composite materials, and structure design on the mechanical properties of the bioceramics scaffolds was concluded and analyzed in this paper. The progress of the multifunctional bioceramics scaffolds was summarized from two aspects of drug release and cancer treatment. The research status of bioceramics scaffolds by additive manufacturing in vivo was also introduced. Finally, the development of bioceramics scaffolds by additive manufacturing was prospected
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Key words:
- bioceramics /
- 3D printing /
- bone scaffolds /
- mechanical properties /
- multi-biofunction
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表 1 两种不同三次周期最小表面结构的性能参数
Table 1. Properties of two TPMS structures
TPMS结构
类型模型尺寸 /
mm设计孔隙
率 / %实际孔隙
率 / %屈服强度 /
MPaP结构 50×50×50 67.18 67.23 3.310±0.310 G结构 50×50×50 67.08 66.49 2.000±0.021 
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表 2 不同结构生物陶瓷人工骨支架的性能参数
Table 2. Properties of the different structure scaffolds
文献 结构类型或制备方法 材料 固含量 烧结温度 / ℃ 孔隙率 / % 压缩强度 / MPa Yao等[47] P结构 HA 40%（体积分数） 1300 74.00 4.09 Liu等[48] 方孔结构 TCP 60%（质量分数） 1150 40.00 9.89 圆孔 TCP 60 %（质量分数） 1150 44.00 4.11 Liu等[49] IWP结构 HA 45%（质量分数） 1100 49.80 15.25 Huang等[50] G结构 TCP 52%（体积分数） 1000 66.00 8.61 Feng等[13] 立方体 HA 40%（体积分数） 1250 54.52 1.45 Macchetta等[51] 冷冻浇铸法 HA/TCP — 1280 72.50 2.30 Tang等[52] 冷冻浇铸法 HA — 1250 55.00 7.50 冷冻浇铸法 HA — 1250 63.00 3.00
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表 5 对兔子进行骨缺损修复的支架参数
Table 5. Characteristics of the scaffolds to repair defects in rabbit
文献 部位 材料 植入时长 / 周 支架参数 力学性能 生物性能 Shao等[73] 颅骨 TCP、含质量分数10%镁的硅酸钙（CSi-Mg10）、CSi-Mg10/含质量分数15%TCP（CSi-Mg10/TCP15） 12 孔隙率分别为
60.1%、52.1%、57.8%；
烧结温度为1150 ℃CSi-Mg10的压缩强度最高，CSi-Mg10/TCP15次之，分别为90.1 MPa、45 MPa；
CSi-Mg10的弯曲强度最高， CSi-mg10/TCP15次之，分别为20 MPa、10 MPaCSi-Mg10/TCP15的血管再生体积比为35%，CSi-Mg10为22% Shao等[74] 下颌骨 TCP、CSi、CSi-Mg10、Bredigite 16 孔隙率分别为
57.3%、56. %、51.2%、61.2%6周后，CSi、Bred骨支架质量损失最多，超过10%以上，CSi-Mg10次之，损失了6.8%；
损失前后CSi-Mg10的弯曲强度、弯曲强度都为最高，分别为
30 MPa、23 MPaCSi-Mg10的血管再生的体积比最大，达30.5%，新生骨体积占比约为30% Maliha等[75] 颅骨 TCP 8 双嘧达莫浓度分别为100、1000、10000 μmol·L‒1 — 生长因子为1000 μmol·L‒1时，骨生长率最好，为27.9%
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