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摘要: 铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料以其在制动方面的优越性能获得了广泛地应用。本文阐述了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的使用要求, 系统地介绍了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料在飞机、高速列车、风力发电和汽车等领域的应用现状, 并对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的未来发展进行了展望, 为铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的进一步的发展提供参考。Abstract: Copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials have been widely used in braking because of the superior performance. The utilization requirement of the copper-based powder metallurgy materials were described in this paper, and the application of the copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials on airplane, high-speed train, wind power turbine, and automobile were also systematically introduced. Furthermore, the development of the copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials was prospected, providing the reference for the further development of the copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials.
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Key words:
- copper-based alloys /
- powder metallurgy /
- friction materials /
- friction coefficient
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图 1 铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料飞机刹车盘
Figure 1. Aircraft brake disc of copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials
图 2 高速列车用铜基粉末冶金制动刹车片
Figure 2. Copper-based powder metallurgy brake pad for high-speed train
图 6 干式（a）和湿式（b）铜基粉末冶金摩擦片
Figure 6. Dry(a)and wet(b)copper-based powder metallurgy friction discs
表 1 国内典型飞机用铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的基本组成及其物理性能
Table 1. Composition and physical properties of the typical copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials for aircraft in China
牌号 机种 材料成分(质量分数)/% 密度/(g·cm-3) 抗拉强度/MPa 抗压强度/MPa 硬度，HRF Cu Fe C SiO2 其他 SFCu-1 歼击机 余量 10~14 5~10 4~8 4~11 6.0~6.4 20~39 226~245 40~65 703 民航机 余量 8~10 6~12 2~4 6~10 6.0~6.3 20~39 245~294 30~55 F835 直升机 余量 9~13 5~9 6~10 6~12 5.9~6.4 - - 40~60 
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表 2 国内典型飞机用铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能
Table 2. Friction and wear properties of the typical copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials for aircraft in China
牌号 试验条件 试验结果 对偶件材料 刹车压力/MPa 刹车速度/(m·s-1 平均摩擦因数 材料磨损量/(mm·次-1) SFCu-1 0.45 28 0.24 0.0054~0.0072 30CrSiMoVA 703 0.76 10 0.24 0.0037 粉末冶金 F835 5.10 4 0.23 0.0030 合金铸铁
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表 3 国内典型的汽车用铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料及其物理性能[20]
Table 3. Physical properties of the typical copper-based powder metallurgy friction materials for automobiles in China[20]
牌号 成分(质量分数)/% 密度/(g·cm-3) 硬度，HB 抗压强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 应用 Cu Sn Fe Pb 石墨 SiO2 FM-101S 69 8 6 8 6 3 5.8~6.4 20~60 > 200 > 30 拖拉机主离合器、载重汽车湿式离合器 FM-102S 75 3 8 5 5 4 5.5~6.4 30~60 > 200 > 30 载重汽车的液力变速箱离合器 FM-103G 68 5 8 — 10 4 5.5~6.4 25~50 > 150 > 30 干式离合器和制动器 FM-104S 73 8.5 8 4 4 2.5 5.8~6.4 20~60 > 200 > 30 12V-180型1000HP柴油机等传动装置半干式离合器 FM-105G 64 7 8 8 8 5 5.5~6.2 15~55 > 100 > 20 拖拉机、齿轮箱等干式离合器 FM-106G 72 10 5 3 2 8 5.5~6.2 25~65 > 200 > 30 DLM2、DLM4型等系列机床的干式电磁离合器和制动器
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