-
摘要: 制备了W-Ni-Sr钨合金电极材料, 分析了W-Ni-Sr电极烧蚀失效后的形貌, 并探讨了钨合金电极材料的优化方向。结果表明, 电极的击穿和烧蚀主要发生在钨酸盐相, 烧蚀后仅发生Ni17W3和Sr3WO6两相的消耗, 没有新相产生; 主要是低熔点组分发生熔化、溅射, 沉积在电极表面, 导致电极表面形貌改变, 从而影响发射均匀性; 改善材料的组织均匀性和减小晶粒度可有利于钨合金电极使用性能的提高。Abstract: The W-Ni-Sr tungsten alloy electrode materials were prepared, the morphology of the W-Ni-Sr electrode erosion was studied, and the optimization of the tungsten alloy electrode materials was discussed. In the results, the breakdown and erosion mainly occur in the tungstate phase, only Ni17W3 and Sr3WO6 phases are consumed, and no new phase is found after the erosion. The components with the low melting point are melted, sputtered, and deposited on the electrode surface, resulting in the changes of electrode surface morphology and affecting the emission uniformity. The electrode performance can be improved by improving the uniformity of the tungsten alloy electrode materials and reducing the grain size.
-
Key words:
- tungsten alloys /
- electrode /
- erosion /
- morphology
-
图 1 W-Ni-Sr电极X射线衍射图：(a)烧蚀前；(b)烧蚀后
Figure 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of W-Ni-Sr electrodes: (a)before the erosion; (b)after the erosion
图 2 电极材料烧蚀表面宏观形貌：(a)低倍宏观形貌；(b)位置1处高倍宏观形貌；(c)位置2处高倍宏观形貌
Figure 2. Macroscopic morphology on the erosion surface of the electrode material: (a)low magnification morphology; (b)high magnification morphology at position 1;(c)high magnification morphology at position 2
图 3 从烧蚀区边缘到中心((a)~(h))不同烧蚀程度的W-Ni-Sr电极材料表面显微形貌：
Figure 3. Microstructure of the W-Ni-Sr electrode surface with the different erosion degree from the edge to the center of erosion area((a)~(b))
-
[1] Zhang Y Y, Zhou W P, Wang T J, et al. Research progress on preparation technology of spherical tungsten powder. Powder Metall Ind, 2018, 28(3): 67 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYG201803022.htm张莹莹, 周武平, 王铁军, 等. 球形钨粉的制备技术研究进展. 粉末冶金工业, 2018, 28(3): 67 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYG201803022.htm [2] Dong G X, Lü Y N, Han W D, et al. The progress of research on electrode materials of super-capacitors. Powder Metall Technol, 2016, 34(5): 384 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2016.05.012董桂霞, 吕易楠, 韩伟丹, 等. 超级电容器电极材料的研究进展. 粉末冶金技术, 2016, 34(5): 384 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2016.05.012 [3] Hao S M, Nie Z R. On study progress of the tungsten thermionic cathode emission mechanism. China Tungsten Ind, 2007, 22(3): 15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0622.2007.03.004郝世明, 聂祚仁. 钨热阴极发射机制的研究进展. 中国钨业, 2007, 22(3): 15 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0622.2007.03.004 [4] Wang L, Kuang Y G, Zhang B H, et al. Research progress on tungsten hot cathode materials. Powder Metall Ind, 2014, 24(4): 55 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6543.2014.04.010王力, 邝用庚, 张保红, 等. 钨热阴极材料的研究进展. 粉末冶金工业, 2014, 24(4): 55 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-6543.2014.04.010 [5] Wang J S, Liu W, Li N, et al. Advances in rare earth doped refractory metal cathode materials. Vac Electron, 2006(2): 5 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8935.2006.02.002王金淑, 刘伟, 李娜, 等. 稀土难熔金属阴极材料研究进展. 真空电子技术, 2006(2): 5 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8935.2006.02.002 [6] Yang J C, Nie Z R, Zhou M L, et al. On tungsten electrode doped with rare earth oxides. China Tungsten Ind, 2007, 22(1): 39 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0622.2007.01.011杨建参, 聂祚仁, 周美玲, 等. 稀土钨电极材料的研究. 中国钨业, 2007, 22(1): 39 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0622.2007.01.011 [7] Xi X L, Nie Z R, Tong P Y, et al. Preparation and thermionic emission properties of rare-earth tungsten material. Chin J Rare Met, 2007, 31(Suppl 1): 13 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS2007S1003.htm席晓丽, 聂祚仁, 童培云, 等. 稀土钨热电子发射材料的制备及其表征. 稀有金属, 2007, 31(增刊1): 13 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZXJS2007S1003.htm [8] Lu P, Shen C Y, Qiu T, et al. Preparation of tungsten nano-powder doped with CeO2 by sol-gel method. Powder Metall Technol, 2008, 26(6): 455 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ200806014.htm卢平, 沈春英, 丘泰, 等. 溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土CeO2掺杂纳米钨粉的研究. 粉末冶金技术, 2008, 26(6): 455 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ200806014.htm [9] Ge C Q, Wang J S, Zhu H C, et al. Effect of doping method of ThO2 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Th-W cathode carbonized. Powder Metall Technol, 2016, 34(4): 254 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2016.04.003葛春桥, 王金淑, 朱惠冲, 等. 氧化钍的掺杂方式对碳化钍钨阴极微观组织与力学性能的影响. 粉末冶金技术, 2016, 34(4): 254 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2016.04.003 [10] Lai C, Wang J S, Zhou F, et al. Thermal electron emission properties of novel W-Re mixed matrix cathodes. Rare Met Mater Eng, 2016, 45(7): 1871 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE201607044.htm赖陈, 王金淑, 周帆, 等. 新型钨铼混合基阴极的热电子发射性能. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2016, 45(7): 1871 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COSE201607044.htm [11] Hu M W, Wang X X, Luo J R, et al. Fabrication and emission characteristics of impregnated tungstate cathode. Chin J Vac Sci Technol, 2016, 36(1): 28 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZKKX201601006.htm胡明玮, 王小霞, 罗积润, 等. 一种浸渍式钨酸盐阴极的制备与发射性能. 真空科学与技术学报, 2016, 36(1): 28 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZKKX201601006.htm [12] Li Y, Chang L L, Li H, et al. Effect of Ti/Au electrode on noise factor of infrared detector. Powder Metall Technol, 2013, 31(4): 273 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2013.04.007李岩, 常玲玲, 李慧, 等. Ti/Au电极对红外探测器噪声系数的影响研究. 粉末冶金技术, 2013, 31(4): 273 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2013.04.007 [13] Ouyang M L, Lian J Q, Wang W, et al. New process for fabricating advanced tungsten electrodes used in gas discharge lamps. China Light Light, 2013(3): 18 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGZM201303007.htm欧阳明亮, 廉冀琼, 王威, 等. 气体放电灯用特种钨电极的制备新工艺. 中国照明电器, 2013(3): 18 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGZM201303007.htm [14] Tian F T, Long D H, Pan Q F, et al. Study of high energy ignition gas discharge tubes of electrical properties. Vac Electron, 2010(6): 53 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZKDJ201006015.htm田风涛, 龙东辉, 潘沁峰, 等. 高能点火气体放电管放电性能的研究. 真空电子技术, 2010(6): 53 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZKDJ201006015.htm [15] Huang T, Luo W X, Cong P T, et al. Experimental study on electrode erosion characteristics of spark gas switch under different current. High Power Laser Part Beams, 2014, 26(4): 263 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201404054.htm黄涛, 罗维熙, 丛培天, 等. 不同电流下气体开关电极烧蚀特性实验研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2014, 26(4): 263 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201404054.htm [16] Li P, Yang J C, Li Y, et al. Ablative performance of several xenon lamp tungsten cathode. China Tungsten Ind, 2017, 32(3): 59 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGWU201703045.htm李鹏, 杨建参, 李岩, 等. 几种氙灯用钨阴极抗烧蚀性能的研究. 中国钨业, 2017, 32(3): 59 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGWU201703045.htm [17] Wu J W, Ding W D, Han R Y, et al. Electrode erosion of repetitive long-life gas spark switch with large current load in airtight chamber. High Voltage Eng, 2014, 40(10): 3235 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDYJ201410041.htm吴佳玮, 丁卫东, 韩若愚, 等. 密封腔体、大电流条件下重复频率长寿命气体开关的烧蚀特性. 高电压技术, 2014, 40(10): 3235 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDYJ201410041.htm [18] Zhong W, Liu Y L, Xu A, et al. Electrode sputtering characteristic in gas spark gap. High Voltage Eng, 2018, 44(6): 1996 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDYJ201806036.htm钟伟, 刘云龙, 徐翱, 等. 气体火花开关电极的溅射特性. 高电压技术, 2018, 44(6): 1996 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDYJ201806036.htm [19] Xie C M, Tan X H, Du T, et al. Microstructure characteristics in electrodes of gas spark gap after erosion. Trans China Electrotech Soc, 2015, 30(20): 246 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DGJS201520030.htm谢昌明, 谈效华, 杜涛, 等. 气体火花开关电极烧蚀形貌研究. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(20): 246 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DGJS201520030.htm [20] Xie C M, Tan X H, Du T, et al. Electrode erosion research of gas spark gap. High Power Laser Part Beams, 2004, 26(1): 248 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201401053.htm谢昌明, 谈效华, 杜涛, 等. 气体火花开关电极烧蚀研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2014, 26(1): 248 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201401053.htm [21] Du X W, Yuan X B. Materials Characterization Methodology. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2006杜希文, 原续波. 材料分析方法. 天津: 天津大学出版社, 2006 [22] Luo M, Jiang J S, Chang A B, et al. Study on mechanism of electrode erosion of high-power gas spark gap switch. High Power Laser Part Beams, 2004, 16(6): 781 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200406024.htm罗敏, 江金生, 常安碧, 等. 高功率气体火花开关电极烧蚀机理研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2004, 16(6): 781 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY200406024.htm [23] Xie C M, Shang S H, Tan X H, et al. Electrode erosion in high pressure and high current discharges. High Power Laser Parti Beams, 2013, 25(9): 2181 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201309005.htm谢昌明, 尚绍环, 谈效华, 等. 高气压大电流放电条件下的电极烧蚀. 强激光与粒子束, 2013, 25(9): 2181 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QJGY201309005.htm [24] Zhang B H, Niu S T, Wang L. Preparation and study on microstructure and properties of special tungsten alloy electrode material. Powder Metall Technol, 2017, 35(4): 293 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ201704009.htm张保红, 牛山廷, 王玲. 特种钨合金电极材料制备工艺及组织性能研究. 粉末冶金技术, 2017, 35(4): 293 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ201704009.htm [25] Zhang B H, Wang L, Tang L L. Effect of SrCO3 additive amount on the microstructure and properties of tungsten alloy electrode material. Powder Metall Technol, 2018, 36(1): 48 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ201801009.htm张保红, 王玲, 唐亮亮. SrCO3添加量对钨合金电极材料组织和性能的影响. 粉末冶金技术, 2018, 36(1): 48 https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FMYJ201801009.htm [26] Su Y F, Chen W G, Wang F Z, et al. Cathode spots on the surface of nanostructured W alloys. Mater Lett, 2005, 59(8): 1046 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X04009401 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(4)
计量
- 文章访问数: 284
- HTML全文浏览量: 84
- PDF下载量: 18
- 被引次数: 0
