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摘要:
泡沫金属具有实体金属不具备的热、声、轻质、能量吸收等优异性能，成为一种新型结构功能材料。被誉为“金属明星”的多孔泡沫铝材料是目前研究最为热门、最具应用潜力的泡沫金属，具有密度小、耐高温、抗腐蚀、不易燃、耐候性好、导热率低、电磁屏蔽强、吸能降噪等优异性能，被广泛应用在汽车工业、航空航天、建筑工业等工程领域。本文综述了泡沫铝材料的结构特征与物理性能，总结了泡沫铝的制备方法、工艺原理及其特点。
Abstract:The foamed metals have become the new structural functional materials with the excellent properties of heat, sound, light weight, and energy absorption. Known as the "metal star", the porous aluminum foam is the most popular foam metals with the most potential application, showing the excellent performance as low density, high temperature resistance, good corrosion resistance, non-flammable, good weather resistance, low thermal conductivity, high electromagnetic shielding, high energy absorption, and good noise reduction, which is widely used in the automobile industry, the aeronautics and astronautics industry, and the construction industry. In this paper, the structural characteristics and physical properties of the aluminum foams are reviewed, and the preparation, process principle, and characteristics of the aluminum foams are summarized.
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Key words:
- aluminum foam /
- porous materials /
- physical properties /
- preparation technology /
- application
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图 1 泡沫铝结构特征：（a）开孔型泡沫铝；（b）闭孔型泡沫铝
Figure 1. Structural characteristics of the foamed aluminum: (a) the open-celled foamed aluminum; (b) the close-celled foamed aluminum
表 1 泡沫铝制备方法以及工艺原理与特点[20]
Table 1. Preparation methods, technological principles, and characteristics of the foamed aluminium[20]
泡沫铝类型 制备方法 工艺与原理 特点 开孔泡沫铝 渗流铸造法 可清洗性颗粒填入铸型，向其浇入熔融金属液，凝固清除颗粒。 孔洞连通，分布均匀，结构可控，工艺较简单，成本较低。 电沉积法 采用有机聚合物泡沫，通过导电涂层处理、电镀、去除聚合物泡沫及烧结几个步骤获得开孔泡沫金属。 成本低廉，孔隙率高，孔结构分布均匀，孔隙相互连通，性能优良等特点。缺点为工序长，操作繁琐。 熔模铸造法 事先制备具有海绵状孔隙的模子，将铝或铝合金渗入模内，使其冷却和凝固。 分布均匀，结构可控。此法可制备泡沫铝、泡沫铜、泡沫铅、泡沫锡等。 烧结溶解法 以铝粉、氯化钠、少量促进烧结的添加剂为原料，工艺过程包括混粉、压坯、烧结和溶盐四个阶段。 可以精确控制孔洞形状、尺寸和孔隙分布，具有较好的质量价格综合指数。 闭孔泡沫铝 粉末冶金法 将金属粉末和发泡剂按比例配制后压制成预制品，加热至发泡剂熔化，释放气体使预制体膨胀。 产品质量高，性能稳定，孔径孔隙率低，工艺较为复杂。 注气发泡 搅拌下把气体通入铝熔体中，加入第二相金属或者氧化物减慢气泡上升速度，稳定气孔壁和推迟气泡合并。 方法简单、经济，可连续生产，但是密度及孔结构不均匀。 发泡剂熔体发泡法 将铝熔化后加入增粘剂，搅拌增粘，再加入发泡剂，保温发泡，凝固冷却，最后精加工至产品。 孔隙率范围宽，尺寸大，以闭孔为主，但孔洞均匀性及可控性较差。 溅射喷镀法 惰性气氛保护下，用粒子束激发金属原子溅射到基底，原子沉积将气体包裹。 具有孔结构分布均匀，结构可控，性能优良等特点。 
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表 2 泡沫金属在工程领域的应用概况
Table 2. Application of the foamed metals in the engineering fields
应用领域 用途 汽车工业 冲击吸能材料、缓冲件、减震材料、隔音材料、汽车底盘填充材料、轻量化结构材料、发动机隔板与防护材料等。 航空航天 起落架、升降器和传递器的保护、船舶隔断、舱壁、飞机零部件、电梯、升降机、托盘、工作台等。 建筑工业 室内、室外装饰材料、移动隔板、滑动门、地板材料、活动房、装饰件、浴室设备、厨房设备、卫生间设备等。 电子通讯 电磁屏蔽的结构与功能材料、电子电器外壳、发电机室、无线电录音等。 环境保护 主要是高速公路、居住小区的降音、降噪材料。护栏、广告牌、包装材料、各类塑料制品、管道、音响器材、网球场地板、耐火阻燃隔音制品、热交换器、过滤器等。
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