Effect of forging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of powder hot-forged alloy contained molybdenum
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摘要: 采用粉末热锻工艺制备Fe-1C-2Cu-xMo (x=0.50, 0.85, 1.46, 质量分数)合金, 分析锻造温度和Mo质量分数对烧结态及锻造态合金密度、显微组织、静态力学性能和动态摩擦性能的影响。结果表明: 锻造工艺能够有效提高材料密度, 锻后合金相对密度可达到98.5%, 锻态合金组织主要由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。合金硬度随Mo质量分数的增加而提高, 随锻造温度的升高先降低后提高, 1050 ℃锻造Fe-1C-2Cu-1.46Mo合金硬度可达HRB116.38。Mo质量分数和锻造温度共同影响合金横向断裂强度, 1000 ℃锻造Fe-1C-2Cu-0.50Mo合金强度最高可达2608MPa, 合金断裂方式为韧脆混合型断裂。材料动态摩擦性能随Mo质量分数的增加显著提升, 当锻造温度为950 ℃且Mo质量分数为1.46%时, 材料的摩擦系数仅为0.088, 明显低于其他材料且波动较小。Abstract: Fe-1C-2Cu-xMo (x=0.50, 0.85, 1.46, mass fraction) alloys were fabricated by powder hot-forging in this paper. The effect of forging temperature and Mo content by mass on the density, microstructure, static mechanical properties, and dynamic friction properties of the alloys were investigated. In the results, the forging can effectively increase the density of alloys, and the relative density can reach 98.5% after forging. The microstructure is mainly composed of bainite, martensite, and retained austensite. The hardness of alloys increases with the increase of Mo content, and decreases first and then increases with the increase of forging temperature. The hardness of Fe-1C-2Cu-1.46Mo alloys forged at 1050 ℃ reaches the maximum value of HRB 116.38. The transverse rupture strength is jointly affected by the Mo content by mass and forging temperature, the maximum strength of Fe-1C-2Cu-0.50Mo alloys forged at 1000 ℃ can reaches 2608 MPa, and the fracture mode of alloys is the mixture of ductile and brittle fracture. As the increase of Mo content, the dynamic friction properties increase significantly. The friction coefficient of Fe-1C-2Cu-1.46Mo alloys forged at 950 ℃ is only 0.088, which is obviously lower than that of others with the smaller fluctuation.
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图 1 Mo预合金粉末形貌及元素分布：(a) 粉末形貌；(b) Fe元素分布；(c) Mo元素分布
Figure 1. Morphology and element distribution of the Mo prealloyed powders: (a) powder morphology; (b) Fe; (c) Mo
图 2 1000 ℃锻造态M3合金显微形貌和能谱分析：(a) 显微形貌；(b) 位置1能谱分析；(c) 位置2能谱分析；(d) 位置3能谱分析
Figure 2. SEM image and EDS analysis of the M3 alloy samples forged at 1000 ℃: (a) SEM image; (b) EDS analysis at zone 1; (c) EDS analysis at zone 2; (d) EDS analysis at zone 3
图 3 M3合金试样孔隙分布：(a) 烧结态；(b) 950 ℃锻造态
Figure 3. Pore distribution of the M3 alloys: (a) the sintered sample; (b) the forged sample at 950 ℃
图 4 合金900 ℃锻态组织：(a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
Figure 4. Microstructures of the alloys forged at 900 ℃: (a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
图 5 M3合金锻造态显微组织：(a) 900 ℃；(b) 950 ℃；(c) 1000 ℃；(d) 1050 ℃
Figure 5. Microstructure of the M3 forged at the different temperatures: (a) 900 ℃; (b) 950 ℃; (c) 1000 ℃; (d) 1050 ℃
图 6 锻造温度对合金硬度的影响
Figure 6. Effect of the forging temperature on the hardness of alloys
图 7 Mo质量分数对锻态合金横向断裂强度的影响
Figure 7. Effect of the Mo mass fraction on the TRS of alloys forged at the different temperatures
图 8 950 ℃锻态合金的断口形貌：(a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
Figure 8. Fracture morphology of the alloys forged at 950 ℃: (a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
图 9 锻造温度对M3合金摩擦系数的影响：(a) 900 ℃；(b) 950 ℃；(c) 1000 ℃；(d) 1050 ℃
Figure 9. Effect of the forging temperature on the friction coefficient of M3 alloys: (a) 900 ℃; (b) 950 ℃; (c) 1000 ℃; (d) 1050 ℃
图 10 950 ℃锻造金的摩擦系数：(a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
Figure 10. Friction coefficient of the alloys forged at 950 ℃: (a) M1;(b) M2;(c) M3
表 1 原料粉体纯度及粒度
Table 1. Purity and particle sizes of the raw powders
原料粉体 纯度(质量分数) /% 粒度/μm Mo预合金 ≥99.9% ≤150.0 Cu ≥99.9% ≤75.0 石墨 ≥99.9% ≤6.5 
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表 2 Fe-1C-2Cu-xMo合金化学成分(质量分数)
Table 2. Chemical composition of the Fe-1C-2Cu-xMo alloys
% 试样编号 Mo Cu C M1 0.50 2.00 1.00 M2 0.85 2.00 1.00 M3 1.46 2.00 1.00
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表 3 合金烧结态及锻态密度
Table 3. Density of the sintered and forged alloys
成分 烧结态密度/(g·cm‒3) 锻态密度/(g·cm‒3) 900 ℃ 950 ℃ 1000 ℃ 1050 ℃ M1 6.50 (82.3%) 7.74 (98.0%) 7.77 (98.4%) 7.76 (98.2%) 7.75 (98.1%) M2 6.50 (82.2%) 7.73 (97.7%) 7.76 (98.2%) 7.75 (98.0%) 7.73 (97.7%) M3 6.51 (82.2%) 7.73 (97.6%) 7.79 (98.5%) 7.76 (98.0%) 7.75 (97.9%) 注：括号中为对应的相对密度
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表 4 1000 ℃锻造态M3合金元素能谱成分分析
Table 4. Composition of the M3 alloy samples forged at 1000 ℃ in EDS analysis
位置 元素质量分数/% Cu Mo 1 2.28 1.39 2 2.05 1.35 3 1.97 1.27
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