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摘要: 针对粉尘云最小着火能量(minimum ignition energy, MIE)、粉尘云最低着火温度(minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud, MITC)和粉尘层最低着火温度(minimum ignition temperature of dust layer, MITL)等参数, 开展了针对增材制造用金属粉末爆炸敏感性及影响因素的研究。结果表明, 镍合金粉末和不锈钢粉末爆炸敏感性较低, 而钛合金粉末的敏感程度略高于铝合金粉末, 八种粉末的爆炸敏感程度排序为: TA15>TC4>AlSi10Mg>316L>GH4169>GH3536>GH3625/304L。镍合金粉末和不锈钢粉末均不能被点燃; 钛合金、铝合金粉末的MIE和MITC均随粉尘浓度的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势, 而随喷尘压力的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势。Abstract: Based on the parameters of minimum ignition energy (MIE), minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC), and minimum ignition temperature of dust layer (MITL), the explosion sensitivity and influence factors of the typical metal powders used in additive manufacturing were investigated. The experimental results show that, the explosive sensitivity of nickel alloy powders and stainless steel powders is lower, while the explosive sensitivity of the titanium alloy powders is slightly higher than that of the aluminum alloy powders. The order of powder explosive sensitivity is as TA15>TC4>AlSi10Mg>316L>GH4169>GH3536>GH3625/304L. The results also show that, both nickel alloy powders and stainless steel powders could not be ignited. The MIE and MITC of titanium alloy powders and aluminum alloy powders decrease first and then increase with the increase of dust concentration, while decrease first and then increase with the increase of dust spraying pressure.
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Key words:
- additive manufacturing /
- metal powders /
- explosion sensitivity
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图 1 1.2 L Hartmann管装置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the 1.2 L Hartmann tube device
图 2 Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉装置示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the Godbert-Greenwald constant temperature furnace device
图 3 粉尘层最低着火温度装置示意图
Figure 3. Installation schematic diagram of the minimum ignition temperature of dust layer
图 4 粉尘云质量浓度对TC4、TA15和Al Si10Mg粉末MIE的影响
Figure 4. Effect of the dust cloud mass concentration on the MIE of TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
图 5 喷尘压力对TC4、TA15和Al Si10Mg粉末MIE的影响
Figure 5. Effect of the dust spraying pressure on the MIE of TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
图 6 粉尘云质量浓度对TC4、TA15和Al Si10Mg粉末MITC的影响
Figure 6. Effect of the dust cloud mass concentration on the MITCof TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
图 7 喷尘压力对TC4、TA15和AlSi10Mg粉末MITC的影响
Figure 7. Effect of the dust spraying pressure on the MITC of TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
图 8 TC4、TA15、Al Si10Mg粉末敏感性差异
Figure 8. Sensitivity analysis of TC4, TA15, and Al Mg10Si powders
表 1 试验用粉末化学成分及粒度
Table 1. Chemical composition and particle size of powders used in the experiment
粉末类别 粉末牌号 化学成分（质量分数） 中位径/μm 钛合金 TC4 铁≤0.30%，碳≤0.10%，氮≤0.05%，氢≤0.015%，氧≤0.20%，铝5.5%~6.8%，钒3.5%~4.5%，钛余量 38.66 TA15 钒≤2.3%，铝≤6.9%，锆≤2%，锰≤1.7%，钛余量 32.52 铝合金 AlSi10Mg 硅9.0%~11%，锌≤0.10%，铁≤0.55%，镍≤0.05%，锰≤0.45%，钛≤0.15%，镁0.2%~0.45%，铝余量 33.41 镍合金 GH4169 镍50%~55%，铬17%~21%，钴≤1%，碳≤0.08%，锰≤0.35%，硅≤0.35%，硫≤0.015%，铜≤0.35%，铝0.2%~0.8%，钛≤0.65%，铁余量 31.80 GH3536 碳≤0.03%，硅≤0.08%，锰≤0.50%，磷≤0.04%，硫≤0.02%，铬22%~24%，钼15%~17%，铁≤3.0%，铝≤0.50%，铜1.3%~1.9%，镍余量 30.80 GH3625 铬20%~30%，铁≤5%，铌3.15%~4.15%，钼8%~10%，钴≤1%，碳≤0.1%，锰≤0.5%，硅≤0.5%，硫≤0.015%，磷≤0.015%，铜≤0.07%，铝≤0.4%，钛≤0.4%，镍余量 27.42 不锈钢 316L 碳≤0.03%，硅≤1%，锰≤2.00%，硫≤0.030%，磷≤0.045%，铬16.00%~18.00%，镍10.00%~14.00%，钼2.00%~3.00%，铁余量 38.91 304L 碳≤0.03%，硅≤1.0%，锰≤2.0%，铬18.0%~20.0%，镍9.0%~12.0%，硫≤0.03%，磷≤0.045%，铁余量 36.76 
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表 2 GH4169、GH3536和316L粉末MITC实验数据
Table 2. MITC experiment data of the GH4169, GH3536, and316L powders
粉末牌号 粉末质量浓度/ (kg·m-3) 喷尘压力/MPa 粉尘云最低着火温度/℃ GH4169 4.444 0.04 900 GH3536 4.444 0.04 950 316L 3.333 0.03 860
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表 3 试验用金属粉末MITL数据
Table 3. MITL data of the metal powders used in experiment
粉末牌号 粉尘层厚度/mm 热表面温度/℃ 粉尘层温度/℃ 实验结果 TC4 5 380 476 着火 TA15 5 380 458 着火 AlSi10Mg 5 420 462 着火 GH4169 5 450 408 未着火 GH3536 5 450 386 未着火 GH3625 5 450 403 未着火 316L 5 450 383 未着火 304L 5 450 391 未着火
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表 4 TC4、TA15和AlSi10Mg粉末的MITC与MITL对比
Table 4. MITC and MITL comparison of the TC4, TA15, and Al Si10Mg powders
粉末牌号 MITC/℃ MITL/℃ MITL下的粉尘层温度/℃ 粉尘层温度能否可作为点火源 TC4 460 380 476 是 TA15 430 380 458 是 AlSi10Mg 680 420 462 否
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表 5 TC4、TA15和AlSi10Mg粉末MIE的最敏感条件
Table 5. Most sensitive conditions for the MIE of TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
粉末牌号 质量浓度/(kg·m-3) 喷尘压力/MPa 最小着火能量/mJ TC4 1.667 0.3 80 TA15 1.667 0.3 20 AlSi10Mg 1.667 0.2 80
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表 6 TC4、TA15和Al Si10Mg粉末粉尘MITC的最敏感条件
Table 6. Most sensitive conditions for the MITC of TC4, TA15, and AlSi10Mg powders
粉末牌号 质量浓度/(kg·m-3) 喷尘压力/MPa 粉尘云最低着火温度/℃ TC4 5.556 0.04 460 TA15 5.556 0.04 430 AlSi10Mg 4.444 0.03 680
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