选区激光熔化铝合金制备研究现状

吴灵芝; 温耀杰; 张百成; 尹海清; 曲选辉

doi:10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020040004

选区激光熔化铝合金制备研究现状

doi: 10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020040004

吴灵芝^{1, 2},
温耀杰^{1, 3},
张百成^{1, 3, 4, ,},
尹海清^{1, 2, ,},
曲选辉^{1, 2, 3, 4}

1.
北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心，北京 100083
2.
北京科技大学钢铁共性技术协同创新中心，北京 100083
3.
北京科技大学新材料技术研究院，北京 100083
4.
现代交通金属材料与加工技术北京实验室，北京 100083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（51901020）；山东省重大科技创新工程项目（2019JZZY010327）；航空科学基金资助项目（201942074001）；中央高校基本科研基金资助项目（FRF-IP-19-002）

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：zhangbc@ustb.edu.cn（张百成）

hqyin@ustb.edu.cn（尹海清）

中图分类号: TG146.2+1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-04-12
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-10

Research status of selective laser melting aluminum alloys

WU Ling-zhi^{1, 2},
WEN Yao-jie^{1, 3},
ZHANG Bai-cheng^{1, 3, 4
, ,},
YIN Hai-qing^{1, 2
, ,},
QU Xuan-hui^{1, 2, 3, 4}

1.
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Institute of Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3.
Institute of Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
4.
Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, Beijing 100083, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: zhangbc@ustb.edu.cn (ZHANG B C); hqyin@ustb.edu.cn (YIN H Q)

摘要

摘要: 选区激光熔化（selective laser melting，SLM）技术因具有可定制化、加工周期短及精度高等特点，在工业生产中得到广泛应用。本文对选区激光熔化技术及其在铝合金及铝基复合材料制备的研究现状进行了综合性论述。通过论述选区激光熔化特性引出选区激光熔化打印铝合金的优势。介绍了适用于选区激光熔化技术的铸造Al‒Si系合金，结合扫描策略和工艺参数优化，探究了选区激光熔化铝硅合金的微观结构、相组成和力学性能变化规律。讨论了选区激光熔化微/纳米陶瓷强化铝基复合材料的研究现状，分析与总结了添加强化颗粒对组织结构、相对密度、润湿性及相应力学性能的强化机理。总结了工业界与学术界关注的新型高强度铝合金材料的开发及其选区激光熔化的制备，重点论述了新型铝合金的固溶强化和析出相强化机理，并分析了对相对密度和力学性能的影响因素。最后对选区激光熔化铝合金发展趋势及现阶段存在的问题进行了展望。
- 增材制造 /
- 选区激光熔化 /
- 铝合金 /
- 复合材料
Abstract: Selective laser melting (SLM) technology has been widely applied in the industry due to its customization, short manufacturing cycle, and high precision. The research progress of aluminum alloys and composites prepared by SLM was systematically reviewed. The advantage of SLM aluminum alloys was introduced though the SLM characterization. The research of SLM casting Al‒Si series alloys was discussed, and the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties was revolved, combining with the scanning strategy and laser parameter optimization. Meanwhile, the investigation of SLM nano/micro reinforced aluminum alloys was also present, the particle reinforcement mechanism on the microstructure, relative density, wettability, and mechanical properties was analyzed. On the other hand, the research progress of new high strength aluminum alloys prepared by SLM was also discussed, the strengthening mechanism, relative density, and mechanical properties were emphasized. Finally, the development trend of SLM aluminum alloys and the current problems were prospected.
- additive manufacturing /
- selective laser melting /
- aluminum alloys /
- composite materials

HTML全文

图 1 金属粉末选区激光熔化3D打印技术原理图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of selective laser melting technology used in the 3D printed metal powders

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图 2 铝硅二元相图

Figure 2. Binary phase diagram of Al‒Si

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图 3 SLM-AlSi10Mg微观结构^[18]：（a）熔池内三个微观结构区域（细晶粒、粗晶粒和热影响区）；（b）垂直于熔池边界处的粗晶粒平面上的等轴晶粒；（c）平行于构建方向的熔池核心和熔池边界处的较粗细长晶粒

Figure 3. Microstructure of the SLM-AlSi10Mg^[18]: (a) microstructure in the molten pool (fine grains, coarse grains, and heat affected zones); (b) the equiaxed grains observed on the coarse grains perpendicular to the molten pool boundary; (c) the thick slender grains at the centre and boundary of the molten pool parallel to the building direction

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图 4 AlSi10Mg合金孔隙率与体积能量密度的关系^[19]

Figure 4. Porosity as the function of volume energy density of the AlSi10Mg alloys^[19]

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图 5 选择性激光熔化铝硅合金显微组织：（a）低倍^[20]；（b）高倍^[20]；（c）EBSD^[22]；（d）铸造铝硅合金显微组织^[19]

Figure 5. Microstructure of the aluminum-silicon alloys prepared by SLM: (a) low magnification^[20]; (b) high magnification^[20]; (c) EBSD image^[22]; (d) microstructure of the cast aluminum-silicon alloys^[19]

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图 6 SLM-AlSi10Mg光学显微照片^[23]

Figure 6. Optical micrograph of the SLM AlSi10Mg^[23]

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图 7 SLM-AlSi10Mg样品透射电子显微组织^[23]

Figure 7. Transmission electron microstructure of the SLM-AlSi10Mg^[23]

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图 8 SLM-Al‒12Si样品微观结构：（a）和（b）OM显微组织；（c）和（d）SEM显微组织；（e）和（f）EDX面扫^[24]

Figure 8. Microstructure of the SLM Al‒12Si samples: (a) and (b) OM images; (c) and (d) SEM images; (e) and (f) EDX mapping^[24]

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图 9 SLM-AlSi10Mg样品硬度与扫描速度（a）和扫描间距（b）关系^[28]

Figure 9. Hardness with the scanning speed (a) and hatch distance (b) of SLM-AlSi10Mg samples^[28]

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图 10 圆形、三角形和六边形晶格结构（90.0 mm × 22.5 mm × 22.5 mm）^[29]

Figure 10. Lattice structures with circles, triangles, and hexagons shapes (90.0 mm × 22.5 mm × 22.5 mm)^[29]

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图 11 球磨体积分数4%Al₂O₃/Al复合粉末形态演变^[44]：（a）4 h；（b）8 h；（c）16 h；（d）20 h

Figure 11. Morphological evolution of the ball-milled 4% Al₂O₃/Al composite powders (volume fraction) at the different milling durations^[44]: (a) 4 h; (b) 8 h; (c) 16; (d) 20 h

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图 12 TiB₂/AlSi10Mg复合材料横截面显微形貌和维氏硬度^[45]：（a）不添加TiB₂，移动速度 = 420 mm·min^‒1；（b）添加质量分数2%TiB₂，移动速度= 420 mm·min^‒1；（c）放大图像和能谱分析；（d）维氏硬度

Figure 12. Cross-section SEM images and Vickers hardness of TiB₂/AlSi10Mg composites^[45]: (a) without TiB₂, translational speed 420 mm·min^‒1; (b) with 2% TiB₂ by mass, translational speed 420 mm·min^‒1; (c) magnification image and EDS result of the particles; (d) Vickers hardness

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图 13 Al7075和Zr+Al7075原料粉末显微形貌及其对应的枝晶生长方式^[32]：（a）Al7075粉末形貌；（b）Zr+Al7075粉末显微组织；（c）Al7075柱状晶生长方式；（d）Zr+Al7075等轴晶生长方式

Figure 13. Microstructure of Al7075 and Zr+Al7075 powders and the corresponding dendrite growth^[32]: (a) microstructure of Al7075 powders; (b) microstructure of Zr+Al7075 powders; (c) columnar crystal growth of Al7075; (d) equiaxed crystal growth of Zr+Al7075

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图 14 室温下AlSi0Mg、Zr+Al7075和Al7075拉伸性能比较^[32]

Figure 14. Comparison of the tensile properties of AlSi0Mg, Zr+Al7075, and Al7075 at room temperature^[32]

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图 15 SLM-CNT/Al成形试样的三维光学显微组织（η=187.5 J/m）^[48]

Figure 15. Three-dimensional OM images of the SLM-CNT/Al at η=187.5 J/m^[48]

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图 16 15%SiC+AlSi10Mg复合材料常温拉伸应力‒应变曲线^[48]

Figure 16. Stress-strain curve of 15%SiC+AlSi10Mg composites at room temperature^[48]

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图 17 SLM-Scalmalloy合金显微形貌^[52]：（a）扫描示意图；（b）组织结构；（c）组织结构放大图

Figure 17. SEM images of SLM-Scalmalloy alloys^[52]: (a) scanning diagram; (b) microstructure; (c) high magnification microstructure

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图 18 激光选区烧结Al−Cu−Mg合金显微形貌^[53]

Figure 18. SEM image of the SLM-Al−Cu−Mg alloys^[53]

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图 19 选区激光熔化制备的Al‒xCu合金（质量分数）熔化层结构^[54]：（a）4.5%Cu；（b）6.0%Cu；（c）20.0%Cu；（d）33.0%Cu；（e）40.0%Cu

Figure 19. Microstructures of the SLM Al‒xCu alloy (mass fraction)^[54]: (a) 4.5%Cu; (b) 6.0%Cu; (c) 20.0%Cu; (d) 33.0%Cu; (e) 40.0%Cu

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图 20 Al‒xCu压缩应力应变曲线^[54]

Figure 20. Compression stress-strain curve of Al‒xCu^[54]

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表 1 商业化增材制造所需铝合金粉末材料牌号及主要性能

Table 1. Grades and properties of the commercial aluminum alloy powders used for additive manufacturing

牌号	拉伸强度/MPa	屈服强度/MPa	延伸率/%
AlSi10Mg^[6]	460±20.0	270±10.0	9±2
AlSi12^[7]	409±20.0	211±20.0	5±3
AlSi7Mg^[8]	294±17.0	147±15.0	3
AlSi9Cu3^[9]	415±15.0	236±8.0	5±1
AlCuMgZr^[10]	451±3.6	446±4.3	—

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