Process optimization and friction and wear properties of CoCrWMo alloys fabricated by selective laser melting
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摘要: 对选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金的工艺参数进行优化，并对最佳工艺下合金试样的摩擦磨损性能进行分析。结果表明：选择性激光熔化最佳工艺参数为激光功率280 W，扫描速度800 mm·s−1，铺粉层厚0.03 mm，扫描间距0.10 mm，扫描策略为旋转扫描法（层与层之间旋转15°）。该工艺下激光体能量密度为117 J·mm−3，试样相对密度为99.4%，上表面粗糙度（Ra）为4.98 μm，显微硬度为HV 386，抗拉强度为984 MPa，屈服强度为663 MPa，断后伸长率为12.9%。在干摩擦下，CoCrWMo合金的平均摩擦系数随施加载荷的增加呈下降趋势；受磨损过程中应变诱导马氏体转变的影响，合金平均磨损率呈现先增高后降低的变化规律，主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。Abstract: Process parameters of the CoCrWMo alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) were optimized, and the friction and wear properties of the alloy samples prepared under the optimal process parameters were analyzed. The results show that, the optimal parameters of selective laser melting are as followed: the laser power is 280 W, the scanning speed is 800 mm·s−1, the layer thickness is 0.03 mm, the scanning space is 0.10 mm, and the scanning strategy is rotation method (15° rotation between adjacent layers). The laser energy density is 117 J·mm−3, the relative density of the prepared samples is 99.4%, the top surface roughness (Ra) is 4.98 μm, the microhardness is HV 386, the tensile strength is 984 MPa, the yield strength is 663 MPa, and the elongation is 12.9%. During the dry friction, the average friction coefficient of the prepared CoCrWMo alloys decreases with the increase of the applied load, while the average wear rate increases first and then decreases under the influence of the strain-induced martensite transformation during the wear process. The main wear mechanisms are abrasive wear and adhesive wear.
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Key words:
- CoCrWMo alloys /
- selective laser melting /
- mechanical properties /
- friction /
- wear
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图 3 选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金相对密度与激光体能量密度的关系图
Figure 3. Relationship between the relative density and the laser energy density of the CoCrWMo alloys prepared by SLM
图 4 选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金上表面粗糙度与激光体能量密度的关系图
Figure 4. Relationship between the top surface roughness and the laser energy density of the CoCrWMo alloys prepared by SLM
图 5 不同激光体能量密度下成形试样的上表面形貌：（a）48 J·mm−3；（b）117 J·mm−3；（c）213 J·mm−3；（d）图5（a）的3D形貌；（e）图5（b）的3D形貌；（f）图5（c）的3D形貌
Figure 5. Top surface morphology of the CoCrWMo specimens prepared by SLM with different laser energy density: (a) 48 J·mm−3; (b) 117 J·mm−3; (c) 213 J·mm−3; (d) the corresponding 3D morphology of Fig.5(a); (e) the corresponding 3D morphology of Fig.5(b); (f) the corresponding 3D morphology of Fig.5(c)
图 6 最佳成形工艺参数下的选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金上表面和侧表面电子显微形貌：（a）上表面；（b）侧表面；（c）图6（a）局部放大图；（d）图6（b）局部放大图
Figure 6. SEM images of the CoCrWMo alloys prepared by SLM in the optimum forming process parameters: (a) top view; (b) side view; (c) local magnification of Fig.6(a); (d) local magnification of Fig.6 (b)
图 7 原始CoCrWMo合金粉末及选择性激光熔化成形试样的X射线衍射图谱
Figure 7. XRD patterns of the CoCrWMo alloy powders and SLM specimens
图 8 最佳成形工艺下选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金不同载荷下的摩擦系数（a）和平均摩擦系数（b）
Figure 8. Friction coefficient (a) and the average friction coefficient (b) of the CoCrWMo alloys prepared by SLM in the optimum forming process parameters under different loads
图 9 最佳成形工艺下选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金不同载荷下磨痕轮廓（a）和磨损率（b）
Figure 9. Cross-sectional wear trace profiles (a) and the wear rate (b) of the SLM-ed CoCrWMo alloys in the optimum forming process parameters under different loads
图 10 最佳成形工艺下选择性激光熔化成形CoCrWMo合金不同载荷下的磨痕形貌图：（a）40 N；（b）60 N；（c）80 N
Figure 10. Wear trace of the CoCrWMo alloys prepared by SLM in the optimum forming process parameters under the different applied loads: (a) 40 N; (b) 60 N; (c) 80 N
表 1 CoCrWMo合金粉末化学成分（质量分数）
Table 1. Chemical composition of the CoCrWMo alloy powders
% Cr W Mo Si Co 24.12 5.45 4.95 0.92 余量 
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表 2 选择性激光熔化成形实验参数
Table 2. Experiment parameters of SLM manufacturing
激光功率 / W 扫描速度 / (mm·s−1) 铺粉层厚 / mm 扫描间距 / mm 旋转角度 / (°) 160、200、240、280、320 500、650、800、950、1100 0.03 0.1 15
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