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摘要: 金属增材制造技术正朝着产业化的方向发展，钛粉是金属增材制造领域的主流原料之一。本文概述了钛及钛合金的熔炼技术，重点介绍了感应熔炼，并对目前主流的钛粉制备技术进行了对比和分析，包括基本原理、优缺点和影响粉末特性的因素等。此外，还介绍了数值模拟在钛粉制备上的应用，并对钛粉制备工艺在金属增材制造领域的发展做出了展望。Abstract: Metal additive manufacturing technology is now developing in the direction of industrialization, and the titanium powders are one of the mainstream raw materials used for metal additive manufacturing. The smelting technology of titanium and its alloys was summarized in this paper, the induction smelting was emphasized, and the main technology of titanium powder preparation was analyzed and compared, including the basic principles, the characteristics, and the factors affecting the powder characteristics. In addition, the application of numerical simulation on the titanium powder preparation was also introduced, and the development of titanium powder preparation technology used in the field of metal additive manufacturing was prospected.
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Key words:
- metal additive manufacturing /
- smelting /
- titanium powders /
- numerical simulation
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图 1 不同热源熔炼技术原理图：（a）真空自耗电弧熔炼；（b）电子束冷床熔炼；（c）感应熔炼
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the smelting technology with the different heat sources: (a) vacuum arc remelting; (b) electron beam cold hearth melting; (c) induction melting
图 5 钛粉制备技术原理图：（a）真空感应熔炼气雾化法；（b）电极感应熔炼气雾化法
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the titanium powder preparation technology: (a) vacuum inert gas atomization; (b) electrode induction melting gas atomization
表 1 不同熔炼方法对比
Table 1. Comparison of the different smelting methods
熔炼方法 热源 杂质元素 效率 成本 真空自耗电弧熔炼 电弧 多 低 高 电子束冷床熔炼 电子束 少 高 低 感应熔炼 电磁加热 少 高 最低 
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等离子旋转电极技术 工作转速 / (r·min‒1) 生产效率 细粉收得率 粉末中位粒径 / μm 自耗电极直径 / mm PREP 14000～16000 低 低 120 75 SL-PREP 18000 高 高 90 100 SS-PREP 33000 最高 最高 45 50～80
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表 3 几种钛粉制备方法对比
Table 3. Comparison of the several preparation methods for the titanium powders
制粉方法 粒度分布范围 效率 球形度 细粉收得率 生产成本 空心率 PREP 窄 低 高 低 很高 几乎没有 PA 窄 低 高 低 高 低 VIGA 宽 高 低 高 低 高 EIGA 宽 低 低 高 高 高
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表 4 Ansys和Comsol数值模拟软件对比
Table 4. Comparison of Ansys and Comsol
数值模拟软件 发展时间 物理场选择 网格划分 上手难度 主要应用范围 Ansys 长 主要是单相物理场 强 难 工业 Comsol 短 任意多物理场耦合 弱 容易 学术
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