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摘要: TiAl基合金具有优异的高温性能，是一种极具竞争力的新型轻质高温结构材料，在汽车、军工、航空航天等领域具有广阔的发展潜力和应用前景。然而，TiAl基合金室温脆性较大，成形困难，是阻碍其发展与应用的主要瓶颈之一。增材制造基于“离散+堆积”的成形思想，以激光、电子束、电弧等作为高能热源，通过熔化丝材或者粉末，逐层堆积实现零件的近净成形，是TiAl基合金最前沿、最具潜力的成形技术。本文主要概述了激光增材制造、电子束选区熔化、电弧增材制造TiAl基合金的研究进展，并展望了增材制造TiAl基合金的研究方向。Abstract: TiAl-based alloys have the excellent high-temperature properties as a highly competitive new lightweight high-temperature structural material, showing the broad development prospect and application potential in the automotive, military, aerospace, and other fields. However, because of the nature and inherent brittleness, the TiAl-based alloys are difficult to form, which inhibits the further development and the practical application. The additive manufacturing based on the forming idea of "discrete + accumulation" represents the most advanced and potential forming technology for the TiAl-based alloys, which uses the laser, electron beam, and arc as the high energy heat source to melt wires or powders and then stack them layer by layer. The research progress of TiAl-based alloys prepared by laser additive manufacturing, electron beam selective melting, and wire and arc additive manufacturing was summarized in this paper, and the future research direction of the TiAl-based alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing was prospected.
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图 1 激光熔化沉积成形TiAl基合金中的裂纹[10]：（a）散焦+3.81 mm，功率200 W；（b）散焦‒3.81 mm，功率200 W；（c）散焦+3.81 mm，功率300 W；（d）散焦‒3.81 mm，功率300 W
Figure 1. Cracks in the TiAl-based alloys formed by LMD[10]: (a) defocused to +3.81 mm at 200 W; (b) defocused to ‒3.81 mm at 200 W; (c) defocused to +3.81 mm at 300 W; (d) defocused to ‒3.81 mm at 300 W
表 1 电子束选区熔化与传统工艺制备TiAl合金拉伸性能的对比
Table 1. Tensile properties comparison of the TiAl alloys prepared by SEBM and traditional process
文献 材料 工艺过程 屈服强度 / MPa 抗拉强度 / MPa 延伸率 / % [27] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化 — 503 — [27] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化+热等静压+退火（1260 ℃/2 h） 382 474 1.30 [27] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化+热等静压+退火（1360 ℃/2 h） 373 429 0.80 [29] Ti‒47Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化 — 556～684 0.31～0.70 [30] Ti‒47Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化 462～523 462～568 0.27～0.98 [31] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化+热等静压 370～90 430～450 1.00～1.20 [31] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 电子束选区熔化+退火（1320 ℃/2 h） 350～370 460～480 1.00～1.20 [32] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 铸造 312±10 570±20 0.48±0.05 [33] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb 铸造 — 510 0.4 [34] Ti‒48Al‒2Cr‒2Nb‒1B 锻造（1380 ℃/1 h）+空冷 440±15 557±15 1.30±0.10 
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