金属增材制造技术在核工业领域的应用与发展

马青原; 杜沛南; 彭英博; 张瑞谦; 张伟

doi:10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020110005

金属增材制造技术在核工业领域的应用与发展

doi: 10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2020110005

1.
中南大学粉末冶金国家重点实验室，长沙 410083
2.
中国核动力研究设计院反应堆燃料及材料重点实验室，成都 610213

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail: waycsu@csu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TF124;TL35
计量
- 文章访问数: 672
- HTML全文浏览量: 611
- PDF下载量: 153
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-11-04
- 刊出日期: 2022-02-28

Application and development of metal additive manufacturing technology in the field of nuclear industry

1.
State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Reactor Fuel and Materials, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: waycsu@csu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 增材制造能够制备任意复杂形状的零件，具有快速、高效、经济、全智能化和全柔性化制造的优势。本文总结了国内外典型的金属增材制造技术，介绍了金属增材制造技术在核工业领域的应用，梳理了增材制造核材料产品的性能表现，并以实际案例证明了金属增材制造技术在核工业领域的优势。本文结合革新性反应堆技术在核材料中的应用背景，展望了增材制造技术在核材料领域的发展趋势。
- 金属增材制造 /
- 核工业 /
- 复杂构件 /
- 轻量化
Abstract: Additive manufacturing can produce the arbitrary complex shape parts, which has the advantages of fast, efficient, economical, fully intelligent, and fully flexible manufacturing. Based on the introduction of the typical metal additive manufacturing technology at home and abroad, the application of the metal additive manufacturing technology in the field of nuclear industry was overviewed in this paper, the performance of nuclear material products prepared by the additive manufacturing was summarized, and the advantages of the metal additive manufacturing in the field of nuclear industry were proved by the practical cases. At the same time, the development trend of the additive manufacturing technology in the field of nuclear materials was forecasted based on the application background of the innovative reactor technology for the nuclear materials.
- metal additive manufacturing /
- nuclear industry /
- complex component /
- lightweight

HTML全文

图 1 增材制造涉核材料研究体系

Figure 1. Research system of the nuclear materials prepared by the additive manufacturing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 选区激光熔化V‒6Cr‒6Ti零件应力–应变曲线^[2]

Figure 2. Stress-strain curves of the V‒6Cr‒6Ti parts prepared by SLM^[2]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 316L不锈钢样品侧表面底部（a）和顶部（b）微观组织中均存在球形氧化硅纳米夹杂物^[4]

Figure 3. Spherical silicon oxide nano-inclusions on the bottom (a) and top (b) of the 316L stainless steel surface^[4]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 增材制造压力容器试件^[7]

Figure 4. Pressure vessel piece prepared by additive manufacturing^[7]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 德国通快TruLaser Cell 7040（a）^[8]和快速分析和制造推进技术项目技术概况（b）^[12]

Figure 5. TruLaser cell 7040 of the Trumpf Group (a)^[8] and the overview of RAMPT project technology (b)^[12]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 粘结剂喷射增材制造技术原理^[13]

Figure 6. Principle of the binder jetting additive manufacturing technology^[13]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 增材制造潜艇原型

Figure 7. Submarine prototype by additive manufacturing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 缩比叶轮产品^[16]

Figure 8. Product of the scaled impeller^[16]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 增材制造主泵折流管（a）^[23]；Sustainable Engine Systems生产的热交换器（b）^[24]

Figure 9. Additive manufacturing main pump baffle (a)^[23] ; the heat exchanger by Sustainable Engine Systems (b)^[24]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 激光增材技术制备的防屑板^[27]

Figure 10. Anti-debris plate prepared by the laser additive manufacturing technology^[27]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 法兰面电弧增材再制造过程前后对比^[28]：（a）修复前；（b）修复后

Figure 11. Comparison of the flange surface prepared by the additive remanufacturing process^[28]: (a) before repair ; (b) after repair

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 双金属腔室覆层^[12]

Figure 12. Bimetallic chamber cladding^[12]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 典型增材制造工艺对比^[14]

Table 1. Comparison of the typical additive manufacturing processes^[14]

	选区激光熔化（SLM）	电弧熔丝增材制造（WAAM）	定向能量沉积（DED）	粘结剂喷射成形（BJAM）
常用材料	不锈钢、Ti合金、Al合金、CoCr合金、Cu合金、高温合金等	Ti合金、高温合金、高强钢、不锈钢和高强Al合金等	不锈钢、Ti合金、Al合金、CoCr合金、高温合金等	金属粉末（W、CoCr合金、CuSn合金等）、陶瓷粉末、砂子
优点	成形精度高且力学性能良好，可靠性高，控制灵活且反应速度快，未熔粉末可循环使用	成形尺寸大、设备简单、制造成本低、快速高效、可以实现无损、加工大规模生产	尺寸不受限，可实现对受损零件定向组织的整修，具有广泛适用性	具有工业级效率、设备成本低、无需额外支撑、可实现粉末颗粒间的冶金结合
缺点	成本昂贵，限制打印零件的尺寸	成形精度低、需要后续的锻造机加工	成形精度低，须经过后续机械加工	成品力学性能不佳
应用	航空航天、模具、汽车等领域中小型形状复杂难以加工的构件等，例如燃油喷嘴、涡轮叶片等	航空航天、矿冶机械等领域中大型结构复杂构件	航空航天、石油能源、矿冶等领域的金属零件、大型金属构件、表面增强涂层	航空航天、能源、铸造、医疗等领域中非承力金属零件、砂模、铸造型芯等

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(40)

[1]	Zhao F Y, He X M, Wang X J, et al. The basic discussion on 3D printing technology for nuclear power design and manufacture. Mach Des Res, 2016, 32(1): 88 赵飞云, 贺小明, 王煦嘉, 等. 3D打印技术对核电设计与制造影响的基本思考. 机械设计与研究, 2016, 32(1): 88
[2]	Yang J L. Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of advanced nuclear materials V–6Cr–6Ti. Mater Lett, 2017, 209: 268 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.08.014
[3]	Yang J L, Li J F. Fabrication and analysis of vanadium-based metal powders for selective laser melting. J Miner Mater Charact Eng, 2018, 6: 50
[4]	Zhong Y, Liu L F, Wikman S, et al. Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting. J Nucl Mater, 2016, 470: 170 doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.034
[5]	Ma C L. Titanium pressure vessel for space exploration built successfully using the wire + arc additive manufacturing process. China Titanium Ind, 2019(2): 37 马晨璐. 欧洲采用电弧增材制造工艺成功制造空间探索钛压力容器. 中国钛业, 2019(2): 37
[6]	Yuan H, He G N, Li L, et al. Overview of the development and application of 3D printing technology in the field of nuclear power. Sci Technol Vision, 2020(17): 118 袁宏, 何戈宁, 李磊, 等. 3D打印技术在核电领域的发展应用情况综述. 科技视界, 2020(17): 118
[7]	Zhang Y B. 3D printing composes the legend of small reactor—notes on the development of 3D printed specimens of modular small reactor pressure vessel cylinders. China Nucl Ind, 2016(12): 22 张亚斌. 3D打印谱写小堆传奇—模块式小型堆压力容器筒体3D打印试件研发小记. 中国核工业, 2016(12): 22
[8]	Andreasch W, Huber R, Mock D. Two concentric fiber diameters in one laser light cable. Laser Tech J, 2011, 8(1): 38 doi: 10.1002/latj.201090106
[9]	Schopphoven T, Pirch N, Mann S, et al. Statistical/numerical model of the powder-gas jet for extreme high-speed laser material deposition. Coatings, 2020, 10(4): 416 doi: 10.3390/coatings10040416
[10]	Wang B, Zhang S Q, Wang H M. Rapidly solidified microstructure of Ti60 alloy produced by laser rapid forming process. Trans Mater Heat Treat, 2008, 29(6): 86 王彬, 张述泉, 王华明. 激光熔化沉积高温钛合金Ti60快速凝固组织. 材料热处理学报, 2008, 29(6): 86
[11]	Zhang W D, Liu W C. Leading the Light Manufacturing 4.0 Era. Tianjin: Binhai Times, 2018 张文弟, 刘炜晨. 领跑光制造4.0时代. 天津: 滨海时报, 2018
[12]	Gradl P R, Protz C, Fikes J, et al. Lightweight thrust chamber assemblies using multi-alloy additive manufacturing and composite overwrap // AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2020 Forum. Online, 2020: 3787
[13]	3D Science Valley. Metal 3D printing: laser melting and jetting technology-advantages and limitations[J/OL]. 3D Science Valley [2017-11-24]. http://www.3dsciencevalley.com/?p=10707,2017/11/24 3D Science Valley. 金属3D打印: 激光熔化与喷射技术—优点和局限[J/OL]. 3D Science Valley [2017-11-24]. http://www.3dsciencevalley.com/?p=10707,2017/11/24
[14]	Ren H J, Zhou G N, Cong B Q, et al. Development and application of metal additive manufacturing in aerospace field. Aeronaut Manuf Technol, 2020, 63(10): 72 任慧娇, 周冠男, 从保强, 等. 增材制造技术在航空航天金属构件领域的发展及应用. 航空制造技术, 2020, 63(10): 72
[15]	Chen J, Kang K, Feng J, et al. Research progress on the corrosion behavior of structural steels of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. J Xihua Univ Nat Sci, 2020, 39(3): 104 doi: 10.12198/j.issn.1673-159X.3616 陈君, 康凯, 冯钜, 等. 压水堆核电站结构材料的腐蚀行为研究进展. 西华大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 39(3): 104 doi: 10.12198/j.issn.1673-159X.3616
[16]	Chen X J, Liu Y Z, Zhang F. Research and manufacturer of reactor coolant pump testing impeller based on 3D printing technology. Mach Des Manuf, 2017(Suppl 1): 67 陈兴江, 刘彦章, 张峰. 基于3D打印技术的主泵试验用叶轮研制. 机械设计与制造, 2017(增刊1): 67
[17]	Lu B H. Intelligent manufacturing and 3D printing promote "Made in China 2025". High Technol Commer, 2018(11): 22 卢秉恒. 智能制造与3D打印推动“中国制造2025”. 高科技与产业化, 2018(11): 22
[18]	Wen Y, Lu C, Liu W X. Enlightenment from Oak Ridge National Laboratory on the development of reactor technology. Sci Technol Vision, 2019(32): 98 文彦, 卢川, 刘文兴. 美国橡树岭国家实验室对我国反应堆技术发展的启示. 科技视界, 2019(32): 98
[19]	CNNPN. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has made a breakthrough in 3D printing of nuclear reactor cores[J/OL]. CNNPN (2020-05-12) [2020-11-01].https://www.cnnpn.cn/article/19410.html 中国核电网. 美国橡树岭国家实验室(ORNL)核电反应堆核心3D打印技术取得阶段性突破[J/OL]. 中国核电网 (2020-05-12)[2020-11-01].https://www.cnnpn.cn/article/19410.html
[20]	Ren L L, Liu J P, Feng Y C. Preliminary study on additive manufacturing process of main pump in nuclear power plant. MW Met Form, 2017(4): 55 任丽丽, 刘金平, 冯英超. 核电站主泵增材制造工艺初步研究. 金属加工(热加工), 2017(4): 55
[21]	Pinkerton A J. An analytical model of beam attenuation and powder heating during coaxial laser direct metal deposition. J Phys D:Appl Phys, 2007, 40(23): 7323 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/40/23/012
[22]	Wang X Y. 3D Printing and Industrial Manufacturing. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2019 王晓燕. 3D打印与工业制造. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2019
[23]	Tan L, Zhao J G. Analysis on the present research situation and application prospect of metal 3D printing technology in nuclear power field. Electr Weld Mach, 2019, 49(4): 339 谭磊, 赵建光. 金属3D打印技术核电领域研究现状及应用前景分析. 电焊机, 2019, 49(4): 339
[24]	Hislop Watson D. Pin Fin Heat Exchanger: American Patent, US2018266773. 2018-09-20
[25]	Thompson S M, Aspin Z S, Shamsaei N, et al. Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers: a case study on a multi-layered Ti–6Al–4V oscillating heat pipe. Add Manuf, 2015, 8: 163
[26]	Yao W J. Siemens developed 3D printed combustion components. China Titanium Ind, 2018(4): 49 姚文静. 西门子生产3D打印燃烧组件. 中国钛业, 2018(4): 49
[27]	Zhang L Y, Qin G P. Research on laser additive manufacturing technology for the anti debris plate of fuel assembly. Electr Weld Mach, 2020, 50(7): 104 doi: 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2020.07.16 张丽英, 秦国鹏. 核燃料防屑板的激光增材制造技术研究. 电焊机, 2020, 50(7): 104 doi: 10.7512/j.issn.1001-2303.2020.07.16
[28]	Wang K, Chen Y J, Lu L, et al. Research on on-line arc additive remanufacturing technology for nuclear grade flange surface. MW Met Form, 2020(7): 2 王凯, 陈英杰, 鲁立, 等. 核级法兰面在线电弧增材再制造技术研究. 金属加工(热加工), 2020(7): 2
[29]	Rosales J, van Rooyen I J, Parga C J. Characterizing surrogates to develop an additive manufacturing process for U₃Si₂ nuclear fuel. J Nucl Mater, 2019, 518: 117 doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.026
[30]	Muhammad F, Majid A. Reactivity feedback coefficients of a material test research reactor fueled with high-density U₃Si₂ dispersion fuels. Nucl Eng Des, 2008, 238(10): 2583 doi: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.05.002
[31]	Zhang G M. Intelligent manufacturing and intelligent agriculture—intelligent manufacturing based on additive thinking. J World Educ, 2018, 31(21): 77 张国明. 智能制造与智慧农业—基于增材思维的智能制造. 世界教育信息, 2018, 31(21): 77
[32]	Ge Z H, Chen H, Lei C R. Research on three-dimensional printing modeling visualization of multi-material parts. Laser Optoelectron Prog, 2020, 57(23): 231403 doi: 10.3788/LOP57.231403 葛正浩, 陈浩, 雷聪蕊. 多材料零件三维打印建模可视化研究. 激光与光电子学进展, 2020, 57(23): 231403 doi: 10.3788/LOP57.231403
[33]	Yan M, Wang P F, Hong X F, et al. Evaluation on I-SCC properties of zirconium cladding. Nucl Power Eng, 2017, 38(5): 138 闫萌, 王朋飞, 洪晓峰, 等. 锆合金包壳I-SCC性能评价. 核动力工程, 2017, 38(5): 138
[34]	Yang J Q, Li N, Shi J P. 3D Printing Technology of Heterogeneous Materials. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2019 杨继全, 李娜, 施建平, 等. 异质材料3D打印技术. 武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2019
[35]	Wu X J, Liu W J, Wang T R. Heterogeneous materials object modeling for 3D CAD part. Chin J Mech Eng, 2004, 40(5): 111 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6686.2004.05.023 吴晓军, 刘伟军, 王天然. 三维CAD零件异质材料建模方法. 机械工程学报, 2004, 40(5): 111 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0577-6686.2004.05.023
[36]	Garcia D, Jones M E, Zhu Y H, et al. Mesoscale design of heterogeneous material systems in multi-material additive manufacturing. J Mater Res, 2018, 33(1): 58 doi: 10.1557/jmr.2017.328
[37]	Gradl P R, Protz C, Cooper K, et al. GRCop-42 development and hot-fire testing using additive manufacturing powder bed fusion for channel-cooled combustion chambers // AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2020 Forum. AIAA, Indiana, USA. 2019: 4228
[38]	Onuike B, Bandyopadhyay A. Bond strength measurement for additively manufactured Inconel 718-GRCop84 copper alloy bimetallic joints. Add Manuf, 2019, 27: 576
[39]	Tian X Y, Yin M, Li D C. Digital design and fabrication of metamaterials structure driven by microwave transmittance performance and 3D printing. Sci Sin Inf, 2015, 45(2): 224 doi: 10.1360/N112014-00240 田小永, 殷鸣, 李涤尘. 功能驱动的超材料结构数字化设计与3D打印. 中国科学:信息科学, 2015, 45(2): 224 doi: 10.1360/N112014-00240
[40]	Liu S, Wang Y, Liu C S. Application of laser melting deposition technique in preparation of functionally gradient materials. Aeronaut Manuf Technol, 2018, 61(17): 47 刘帅, 王阳, 刘常升. 激光熔化沉积技术在制备梯度功能材料中的应用. 航空制造技术, 2018, 61(17): 47