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摘要: NiTi作为一种形状记忆合金，具有优异的形状记忆效应、超弹性、耐腐蚀性、生物相容性，在生物医用、航空航天、微机电等领域均有着广泛的应用。增材制造（additive manufacturing，AM）技术作为一种新兴的加工方式，能够提高NiTi合金加工效率，并扩展NiTi合金应用领域。本文介绍了近年来国内外增材制造NiTi合金的研究进展，主要包括增材制造加工过程中原料及工艺的选择，熔池、晶粒、析出物、缺陷等的组织特点，原料、工艺参数、热处理对增材制造NiTi合金力学性能、相变温度、形状记忆效应、超弹性、表面质量的影响。最后对增材制造NiTi合金的研究现状进行了总结，展望了未来的发展趋势。Abstract: As a kind of shape memory alloys, the NiTi alloys show the excellent shape memory effect, superelasticity, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, which have been widely used in the biomedical, aerospace, and micro electro mechanical fields. Additive manufacturing (AM) as the new processing method can enhance the manufacturing efficiency of the NiTi alloys and broaden the applications. The research progress of the NiTi alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing was reviewed in this paper, including the selections of raw materials and process, the microstructural characteristics of molten pool, grain, precipitates, and defects, the effects of raw materials, processing parameters, and heat treatment on the mechanical properties, phase transformation temperature, shape memory effect, superelasticity, and surface quality. Finally, the research status of the NiTi alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing was summarized, and the perspectives for the future research in this area were presented.
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Key words:
- NiTi alloys /
- shape memory alloys /
- additive manufacturing /
- phase transformation /
- microstructure /
- properties
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图 9 增材制造NiTi合金的应用:（a）右股骨髋关节的植入体[88]；（b）口腔颌面修复的植入体；（c）增材制造NiTi合金在温度刺激下发生的形状变化[89]；（d）可调节的喷嘴[4]
Figure 9. Applications of AM NiTi alloys: (a) hip implant for insertion into the right femur[88]; (b) implants for oral and maxillofacial restoration; (c) shape development stimulated under the various temperatures[89]; (d) adjustable serrated edge nozzle[4]
表 1 用于激光增材制造的粉末特性及工艺参数
Table 1. Powder properties and optimal processing parameters of the NiTi alloys by LAM
送给方式 文献 Ni原子数分数 / % 粒径 / μm P / W v / (mm·s‒1) h / μm t / μm E / (J·mm‒3) 铺粉 [24] 49.70 — 250 1250.0 120 30 55.5 [23] 50.00 — — 500.0～2000.0 100 50 20.0～80.0 [15] 50.06 25～45 250 160.0 75 30 111.0 250 1100.0 60 30 126.0 [47] 50.90 — 50 80.0 35
12030 — 送粉 [30] 50.00 Ni 20～63
Ti 45～105500
100016.7 15000 1000 — [48] 50.80 28～35 25 2.5 100 — — [49] 53.00 — 1000 10.6 1900 300 — 
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