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摘要: 3D打印又称为增材制造（additive manufacturing，AM），是一种通过三维设计数据和材料逐层累加的方法来制造实体零件的技术。随着信息技术和智能控制被应用到3D打印技术之中，3D打印技术日趋成熟，并逐步实现了商业化。制造工艺的飞速发展往往需要设计技术的快速跟进，拓扑优化方法不依赖初始构型及工程师经验，能够获得意想不到的创新构型，已成为结构创新设计的重要工具。嵌入式技术是一种由内部计算机控制并执行专用功能的设备或系统，与通用型计算机系统相比，嵌入式系统功耗低、功能强大、实时性强、支持多任务、占用空间小、效率高，面向特定应用可根据需要灵活定制，在3D打印设备中有着更好的使用优势。本文总结了拓扑优化设计和嵌入式数字技术在3D打印中的应用，介绍了拓扑优化在3D打印中的应用案例和拓扑优化主流软件，分析了嵌入式技术在3D打印中的应用优势及案例，展望了拓扑优化设计及嵌入式数字技术在3D打印中的应用。Abstract: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a technology that uses 3D design data to build physical parts by adding materials layer by layer. With the application of information technology and intelligent control to 3D printing technology, the 3D printing technology is becoming more and more mature and commercialized gradually. The rapid development of manufacturing technology often requires the rapid follow-up of design technology. Topology optimization method has become an important tool for the structural innovative design because it is independent of the initial configuration and the engineer experience and can obtain completely unexpected innovative configurations. Embedded technology is a device or system that is controlled by an internal computer and performs a special function. Compared with the general purpose computer systems, the embedded systems have the advantages in 3D printing, such as low power consumption, powerful functions, strong real-time performance, multi-task support, small space occupation, and high efficiency, and the specific applications can be customized according to the needs of flexible. The application of topology optimization design and embedded digital technology in 3D printing was summarized in this paper, the application cases of topology optimization and the mainstream software of topology optimization were introduced, the application advantages and cases of the embedded technology in 3D printing were analyzed, and the future topology optimization design and the application of embedded digital technology in 3D printing were prospected.
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Key words:
- topology optimization /
- additive manufacturing /
- 3D printing /
- light weight /
- embedded technology
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图 7 微结构构型拓扑形状优化（泊松比为−0.8～0.8）[17]：（a）拓扑优化设计的单元格；（b）3D打印的单元格；（c）3×3单远格组成的构造化材料
Figure 7. Optimized architectures by topology and shape with Poisson ratio of −0.8~0.8[17]: (a) designed unit cells by topology optimization; (b) 3D printed unit cells; (c) 3×3 unit cells of the corresponding architectures
图 11 具有拓扑优化结构的多孔CP–Ti透射电子显微形貌[22]：（a）透射电镜明场图像；（b）孪晶薄片的明场图像；（c）相应孪晶区域的电子衍射图；（d）孪晶界面的原子尺度图像
Figure 11. Transmission electron microscopy images of the porous CP–Ti with the topology-optimized structure[22]: (a) bright-field image; (b) bright-field image of the twinned flakes; (c) electron diffraction pattern of the corresponding twinned region; (d) atomic-scale image of the twinned interface
表 1 拓扑优化软件性能对比分析
Table 1. Performance comparison of the topology optimization software
拓扑优化软件 界面操作 材料数据库 性能分析 制造约束分析功能 自动化几何重构 与3D打印集成度 Altair Inspire 简单 丰富 支持 强 较高 很高 Siemens NX 较复杂 较丰富 支持 较强 高 高 PTC Creo 较简单 较丰富 支持 较强 高 较高 Autodesk Netfabb 简单 丰富 支持 较强 较高 很高 
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